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MalcolmX (; May19, 1925February21, 1965), born Malcolm Little and also known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz ((アラビア語:الحاجّ مالك الشباز)), was an American Muslim minister and a human rights activist. To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans; detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. MalcolmX was effectively orphaned early in life. His father was killed when he was six and his mother was placed in a mental hospital when he was thirteen, after which he lived in a series of foster homes. In 1946, at age 20, he went to prison for larceny and breaking and entering. While in prison, MalcolmX became a member of the Nation of Islam, and after his parole in 1952, quickly rose to become one of the organization's most influential leaders. He served as the public face of the controversial group for a dozen years. In his autobiography, MalcolmX wrote proudly of some of the Nation's social achievements made while he was a member, particularly its free drug rehabilitation program. In keeping with the Nation's teachings, he promoted black supremacy, advocated the separation of black and white Americans, and rejected the civil rights movement for their emphasis on integration. By March 1964, MalcolmX had grown disillusioned with the Nation of Islam and its leader Elijah Muhammad. Expressing many regrets about his time with them, which he had come to regard as largely wasted, he embraced Sunni Islam. After a period of travel in Africa and the Middle East, which included completing the Hajj, he repudiated the Nation of Islam, disavowed racism and founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. He continued to emphasize Pan-Africanism, black self-determination, and black self-defense. In February 1965 he was assassinated by three Nation of Islam members. ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X,'' published shortly after his death, is considered one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century. == Early years == Malcolm Little was born May19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, the fourth of seven children of Grenada-born Louise Helen Little (née Norton) and Georgia-born Earl Little. Earl was an outspoken Baptist lay speaker, admirer of Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey, and local leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA); he inculcated self-reliance and black pride in his children.〔Natambu, p.7.〕〔Perry, pp.2–3.〕 MalcolmX later said that white violence killed three of his father's brothers.〔MalcolmX, ''Autobiography'', pp.3–4.〕 Because of Ku Klux Klan threatsEarl's UNIA activities were "spreading trouble"〔DeCaro, pp.43–44.〕the family relocated in 1926 to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and shortly thereafter to Lansing, Michigan.〔Natambu, p.3.〕 There the family was frequently harassed by the Black Legion, a white racist group. When the family home burned in 1929, Earl accused the Black Legion.〔Natambu, p.4.〕 When Little was six, his father died in what was officially ruled a streetcar accident, though his mother Louise believed Earl had been murdered by the Black Legion. Rumors that white racists were responsible for his father's death were widely circulated, and were very disturbing to Malcolm X as a child. As an adult, he expressed conflicting beliefs on the question.〔Marable, ''MalcolmX'', p.29.〕 After a dispute with creditors, Louise received a life insurance benefit (nominally $1,000about $,000 in dollars) in payments of $18 per month;〔Marable, ''MalcolmX'', p.32〕 the issuer of another, larger policy refused to pay, claiming her husband Earl had committed suicide.〔Natambu, p.10.〕 To make ends meet Louise rented out part of her garden, and her sons hunted game.〔Marable, ''MalcolmX'', p.32.〕 In 1937 a man Louise had been datingmarriage had seemed a possibilityvanished from her life when she became pregnant with his child.〔Marable, ''MalcolmX'', p.35.〕 In late 1938 she had a nervous breakdown and was committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital. The children were separated and sent to foster homes. Malcolm and his siblings secured her release 24 years later.〔Marable, ''MalcolmX'', pp.35–36, 265〕〔Perry, pp.33–34, 331.〕 Malcolm Little excelled in junior high school but dropped out after a white teacher told him that practicing law, his aspiration at the time, was "no realistic goal for a nigger".〔Perry, p.42.〕 Later MalcolmX recalled feeling that the white world offered no place for a career-oriented black man, regardless of talent.〔 From age 14 to 21, Little held a variety of jobs while living with his half-sister Ella Little-Collins in Roxbury, a largely African-American neighborhood of Boston.〔Natambu, pp.21–29, 55–56.〕〔Perry, pp.32–48, 58–61.〕 After a short time in Flint, Michigan, he moved to New York City's Harlem neighborhood in 1943, where he engaged in drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery, and pimping;〔Perry, pp.62–81.〕 according to recent biographies, he also occasionally had sex with other men, usually for money.〔Marable, ''MalcolmX'', pp.65–66.〕〔Perry, pp.77, 82–83.〕 He was called "Detroit Red" because of the reddish hair he inherited from his Scots maternal grandfather.〔Marable, ''MalcolmX'', pp.37, 51–52.〕〔Perry, p.2.〕 Little was declared "mentally disqualified for military service" after he told draft board officials he wanted to be sent down south to "organize them nigger soldiers … steal us some guns, and kill us () crackers".〔MalcolmX, ''Autobiography'', p.124.〕〔Carson, p.108.〕 In late 1945, Little returned to Boston, where he and four accomplices committed a series of burglaries targeting wealthy white families.〔Natambu, pp.106–109.〕 In 1946, he was arrested while picking up a stolen watch he had left at a shop for repairs,〔Perry, p.99.〕 and in February began serving an eight-to-ten-year sentence at Charlestown State Prison for larceny and breaking and entering.〔Marable, ''MalcolmX'', pp.67–68.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Malcolm X」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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